FINAL EXAM

PROJECT PAPERS: SOLAR COOKERS, CLIMATE POLICIES SEQUESTRATION, PLANTS, NIR absorption, Joops World, CO2 in water

  Syllabus
 

THE PROJECTS

       Professor Joop Varekamp                                 Teaching Assistants:
                                                                                                    TRISTAN KADING, JOEL LABELLA 
 

The role of CO₂ in earth processes is very large relative to the modest quantities of it that are present in the atmosphere. In this course we will study all aspects of the physics, chemistry and biology of CO₂. The course is structured loosely around the atmospheric CO₂ monitoring facility in the E&ES department through a variety of projects that involve CO₂. 

Course Outline:
==>Introduction  Roles of CO₂ on earth -  Venus-Earth-Mars:
3 planets - three climates, composition of the terrestrial atmosphere 3.5 billion years ago, similarities with Venus; composition now ==> dominant influence of plant life

LECT 1. PAPER BY KASTING ET AL - CLIMATES ON THE PLANETS

     How much CO₂ is there on other planets? planetary CO2 inventory

LECTURE 2. THE RADIATIVE BUDGET OF THE EARTH

version 2 of the radiative budget

Plancks Law

distance sun earth effect

angle of illumination effect

RADIATIONBUDGET FOR THE BLOCKY EARTH

LECTURE 3. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

good and simple overview of radiation budget / greenhouse effect

Good review of insolation on earth

LECTURE 4. MORE GREENHOUSE EFFECT -

ANIMATIONS OF RAD BUDGET REAL TIME ILLUMINATION EARTH

A. ALBEDO B. CO2 SPECTRUM C. OVERALL SPECTRUM D. SUN EARTH REAL EMISSIONS SPECTRA

E. RADIATION OVERVIEW F. TEXT FILE WITH ABSORPTION LAWS AND MODEL APPROACH

G. net radiation balance by lat

ONE LECTURE OFF - WORK ON PROB SET AND EXPERIMENTS

answer to prob set

NICE PLANCK CALCULATION FILE - GOT IT ALL (PLANCK-BOLTZMAN, WIEN)

TEXTBOOK ON RADIATION AND CLIMATE (UNFINISHED BOOK)

read chapters 1+3. you may want to survey the other chapters according to applicability to your research project.

LECTURE 5. last greenhouse remarks

climate sensitivity (bit upper level)

greenhouse water

greenhouse principles

some remarks

Greenhouse absorption details 1.

net radiation worldwide

semi-quantitative review of single layer greenhouse (some pictures broken)

climate sensitivity

climate sensitivity overview

Now we will start talking about our favourite gas - CO₂

_{simple overview of carbon cycles from Univ of San Diego}

February 19 ==> CO₂  Forms of CO₂ on earth - CO₂ gas, H₂CO₃ and other  species in water; carbonate equilibria; Lecture notes 1 + 2

the short carbon cycle - websites with info

MARCH 3 - READINGS DEALING WITH THE SHORT CARBON CYCLE

Lecture notes 3+4

THE MARINE CARBON CYCLE

March 6 --The Biological carbon pump as a CO₂ sink - more biological details.

Guest speaker -

ppt and links for the BIO-BEASTIES lecture

SPRING BREAK

March 25 ==> MODELLING CLIMATE - A REHEARSAL AND OVERVIEW OF BOX MODELLING OF THE SHORT CARBON CYCLE AND CLIMATE MODELLING.

March 27 ==> More modelling and more discussions about climate change.

April 1 - The photosynthetic process, C₃ and C₄ pathways, energy, chemistry

How does photosynthesis work? A, B, C, D, E   photosynthesis diagrams

==> The isotopes of carbon ¹⁴C, ¹³C and ¹²C,  formation, applications

Geochemical markers

You are what you eat
 
 

April 3-8: The younger Dryas, radiocarbon, and disasters around 13K BP.

files to read:

NAS report abrupt climate change (still holds on to the thermohaline circulation model)

14C ppt

Clovis 1 - Clovis2 - Clovis2b - Clovis3 - people migrate

Younger Dryas Impact!

Younger Dryas Impact2 ??

==> 1.  The long carbon cycle - readings, limestones, chemical weathering

==> climate history

==> The earth climate record (long-term) and variations in atmospheric CO₂
(articles)
 

==> The human impact: Increase in CO₂ levels since AD 1850, ice core records, comparison with last 20,000 years
 
 

Monitoring CO₂ Techniques for monitoring, analytical devices, computer data storage
 

Quantitative techniques  Plotting, integrating, data precision
 

Local versus global signals, mixing times of the atmosphere, problems with public policies
 

Limiting CO₂ emissions The CO₂ treaties (Rio de Janeiro, Kyoto)
 

CO₂ disposal Burial in aquifers, deep ocean storage
CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean
 

Conclusions
 
 
 

To learn more about photosynthesis in the oceans, go to Emiliani Huxleyi

Questions addressed:
     What is the role of CO₂ in global climate (greenhouse gas)?
        Related Links:Emissions in U.S.
     CO2 Cycling
                         GLOBAL WARMING

ENN

Ocean warming

CLIMATE AND CO2
 

     How does CO₂ acidify surface waters?
                         Related Links:Urinary bicarbonate effects
                              CO2's relationship with pH
 

     How has atmospheric CO₂ varied over the course of earth's history?
                     Related Links:    CO2 and Global Climate Change
Lecture notes on Clathrates and Paleocene warming

SNOWBALL EARTH
 

POPSICLE PLANET
 

CLIMATES OF THE PAST

A TEMPERATURE RECORD

Influence of PLANTS

THE WEATHERING NOTES

What should we do to prevent further global warming - the Kyoto treaty
                         Related Links:  Kyoto protocol
         EPA's Global Warming Site
EMISSION TRENDS

Sources of anthropogenic CO₂  Fossil fuel burning, the missing carbon

How much CO₂ is arriving at the surface from volcanic activity?   see the lake Nyos movieclip  and click on my picture (needs real video)

Volcanic Sources of Carbon Dioxide: Volcanic Degassing at Mammoth

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False colour images of the world indicating the abundance of chlorophyl ("plants") on land and in the oceans
Upper figure: green areas have high biomass density, orange have little plants
Lower Figure: red zones: highest chlorophyl concentrations; blue lowest chlorophyl concentrations